How Semaglutide Works for Diabetes

By 
Dr Amit Kumar Singh
 on 
 • 
5
 min read

Managing type 2 diabetes can be a complex and often frustrating journey, especially for women balancing health with the demands of daily life. For those struggling to stabilise blood sugar levels, reduce complications, and achieve weight loss, every new treatment can seem like a potential turning point. This is where semaglutide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist, has shown significant promise. 

Originally developed as a treatment for type 2 diabetes, semaglutide works by enhancing the body’s insulin production and helping to regulate blood sugar levels more effectively. The GLP-1 receptor agonist action promotes insulin release when blood sugar levels rise, which reduces the chance of dangerous blood sugar spikes and helps manage diabetes more predictably. 

Beyond its blood sugar control benefits, semaglutide has also been shown to assist in weight loss. Weight gain is often tied to insulin resistance and other metabolic issues associated with diabetes. Achieving and maintaining a healthy weight can be instrumental in controlling blood sugar in women with type-2 diabetes. Semaglutide has become a topic of interest due to its dual benefits for diabetes patients. It offers a valuable advantage for those looking to achieve both diabetes management and a healthier weight.

The Role of Incretin Hormones in Blood Sugar Regulation

Incretin hormones, particularly glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), play a crucial role in regulating blood sugar levels. Released from the intestines in response to food intake, GLP-1 enhances insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells in a glucose-dependent manner, meaning it stimulates insulin release only when blood glucose levels are elevated. This mechanism helps to prevent hypoglycemia, as insulin is released appropriately according to the body's needs.

Additionally, GLP-1 inhibits glucagon secretion from alpha cells of the pancreas. Glucagon typically acts to raise blood glucose levels by promoting glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver. By reducing glucagon levels, GLP-1 further contributes to lowering blood sugar levels after meals. Furthermore, GLP-1 slows gastric emptying, which helps moderate the rate at which glucose enters the bloodstream following a meal, thus aiding in postprandial glycemic control.

Mechanisms of Action of Semaglutide: How it mimics GLP-1 hormone

With a structural similarity of 94% to human GLP-1, semaglutide binds to and activates the GLP-1 receptor, leading to several beneficial effects on glucose metabolism and appetite regulation.

Semaglutide's mechanisms of action can be categorised into four primary functions:

  • Slowing Gastric Emptying: Semaglutide delays gastric emptying, which reduces the speed at which food and glucose enter the bloodstream. This effect helps maintain more stable blood sugar levels after meals by preventing rapid spikes in glucose.
  • Increasing Insulin Secretion: By activating GLP-1 receptors on pancreatic beta cells, semaglutide enhances insulin secretion in response to elevated blood glucose levels. This action is particularly important for individuals with type 2 diabetes, as it helps improve glycemic control without risking hypoglycemia when blood glucose levels are normal or low.
  • Reducing Glucagon Secretion: Semaglutide also suppresses glucagon release from pancreatic alpha cells. This reduction is critical because it decreases hepatic glucose production, further contributing to lower blood sugar levels during and after meals.
  • Enhancing Satiety and Reducing Appetite: Semaglutide influences central nervous system pathways that promote feelings of fullness (satiety) and reduce appetite. By acting on receptors in the hypothalamus, semaglutide helps decrease food intake and cravings, which can lead to weight loss an important aspect of managing type 2 diabetes and obesity.

Clinical Studies Supporting Semaglutide's Efficacy

Several clinical trials have demonstrated the effectiveness of semaglutide in managing type 2 diabetes and promoting weight loss:

  • SUSTAIN Trials: These trials consistently showed that semaglutide significantly reduces haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels compared to placebo and other diabetes medications. For instance, SUSTAIN 6 indicated a reduction in major cardiovascular events among patients treated with semaglutide.
  • Weight Management Studies: In studies involving obese individuals without diabetes, semaglutide led to significant weight loss compared to placebo groups. The drug's ability to enhance satiety and reduce appetite was key factors contributing to this outcome

The Link Between Type 2 Diabetes and Weight Gain

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity are closely interconnected, often creating a vicious cycle that exacerbates both conditions. Individuals with T2D frequently experience weight gain due to several factors:

  • Insulin Resistance: T2D is characterised by insulin resistance, which can lead to increased fat storage as the body struggles to utilise glucose effectively. Elevated insulin levels, a result of the pancreas producing more insulin to overcome resistance, promote fat accumulation, particularly in the abdominal area.
  • Hormonal Changes: The hormonal environment in individuals with T2D is altered, affecting appetite regulation and metabolism. For instance, elevated levels of glucagon and decreased levels of incretin hormones like GLP-1 can lead to increased hunger and reduced satiety.
  • Sedentary Lifestyle: Many individuals with T2D may adopt a sedentary lifestyle due to fatigue or other health complications, further contributing to weight gain.

This interplay between T2D and obesity  not only complicates management strategies but also increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, and other metabolic disorders.

Safety and Side Effects

Semaglutide is generally well-tolerated, but it can cause side effects. Common adverse effects include:

  • Gastrointestinal Issues: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, and constipation are frequently reported. In clinical trials, up to 20% of participants experienced nausea during the initial weeks of treatment. These symptoms often diminish over time as the body adjusts.
  • Hypoglycemia: When used in conjunction with other diabetes medications (like insulin or sulfonylureas), there is an increased risk of low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) due to the combined effects of these drugs. Symptoms of hypoglycemia include shakiness, sweating, confusion, and in severe cases, loss of consciousness.
  • Pancreatitis: There is a potential risk of pancreatitis associated with semaglutide use. Clinical studies have reported cases of acute pancreatitis in patients using GLP-1 receptor agonists.

Potential Drug Interactions

Semaglutide has numerous drug interactions that women should consider:

  • Major Interactions: Semaglutide interacts with 265 known drugs, including anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin) and other diabetes medications like sulfonylureas and insulin. These combinations can heighten the risk of hypoglycemia or bleeding complications.
  • Moderate Interactions: Certain medications may alter the absorption or effectiveness of semaglutide due to its effect on gastric emptying. For example, oral contraceptives may have altered absorption when taken concurrently with semaglutide.

Conclusion

Semaglutide offers a promising dual approach for managing type 2 diabetes and supporting weight loss, particularly for women balancing complex health needs. By mimicking natural GLP-1 hormones, it helps regulate blood sugar, enhances insulin release, reduces appetite, and promotes weight loss. Clinical trials show significant benefits in both glycemic control and cardiovascular outcomes. While generally well-tolerated, users should be aware of potential side effects and drug interactions. Consulting a healthcare professional is essential to determine if semaglutide is the right fit for individual needs. For many, semaglutide represents a valuable step toward better diabetes management and a healthier lifestyle.

If you have any questions regarding using semaglutide for weight loss then please do not hesitate to reach out to us at SheMed for personalised support and guidance. Note* - At SheMed, we prescribe GLP-1 medications strictly for weight loss and do not offer treatment to individuals taking insulin or other type 2 diabetes medications that may interact.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. How long does it take to see improvements in blood sugar control with semaglutide?

Many people report improved blood sugar control within the first few weeks of starting semaglutide. However, the full effect may take several months as your body adjusts to the medication. Regular monitoring with your healthcare provider will help track progress.

2. Will I definitely lose weight on semaglutide?

Weight loss with semaglutide is common, but individual results vary. Studies have shown that about 70% of individuals experience significant weight loss, which is generally an added benefit rather than a guaranteed outcome. It works best when combined with a balanced diet and regular physical activity.

3. Is semaglutide safe for long-term use?

Semaglutide is considered safe for long-term use under medical supervision. Clinical trials have demonstrated its effectiveness and safety over extended periods, but your healthcare provider can help determine if it’s the right option for your long-term diabetes and weight management.

4. Are there any common side effects I should be aware of?

The most common side effects of semaglutide include mild nausea, gastrointestinal discomfort, and occasional headaches. These side effects typically lessen as your body adjusts to the medication. If side effects persist, it’s important to consult your healthcare provider for guidance.

5. How is semaglutide administered, and can I take it at home?

Semaglutide is usually taken as a once-weekly injection. Most patients can administer it at home after receiving guidance from a healthcare professional, making it a convenient option for many people with busy schedules.

6. Can I continue with my current diet and lifestyle while taking semaglutide?

Although semaglutide aids in blood sugar and weight management, making adjustments to your diet and lifestyle can enhance its effectiveness. Incorporating a balanced diet, regular physical activity, and healthy lifestyle choices will improve results and support overall health.

References

  1. National Center for Biotechnology Information. (2022). Physiology, GLP-1 receptor agonists. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603723/
  2. Frontiers. (n.d.). Molecular mechanisms of semaglutide and liraglutide as a therapeutic option for obesity. Frontiers in Endocrinology. Retrieved from Frontiers
  3. Marso, S. P., Bain, S. C., Consoli, A., Eliaschewitz, F. G., Jódar, E., Leiter, L. A., ... & Buse, J. B. (2017). Cardiovascular safety and benefits of semaglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes: Findings from SUSTAIN 6 and PIONEER 6. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, 19(9), 1200–1209. Retrieved from ResearchGate
  4. Imeryüz, N., & Yazıcı, D. (2012). Efficacy and safety of semaglutide on weight loss in obese or overweight patients without diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PubMed. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22776039/
  5. Wilding, J. P. H., Batterham, R. L., Calanna, S., Davies, M., Van Gaal, L. F., Lingvay, I., ... & Ahrén, B. (2021). Long-term weight loss effects of semaglutide in obesity without diabetes in the SELECT trial. Obesity (Silver Spring), 29(3), 311-319. PubMed. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

Subscribe to our Newsletter

To receive an email when we go live and other information about our products and services, please leave your email above. To see how we use your email, please click here.
Thank you! Your submission has been received!
Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form.